Course: Business Ethics
Internal Assignment Applicable for
December 2019 Examination
1. India's water crisis is often
attributed to lack of government planning, increased corporate privatization,
industrial and human waste and government corruption. In addition, water
scarcity in India is expected to worsen as the overall population is expected
to increase to 1.6 billion by year 2050. Can you recommend two policy changes
with details of how this will address the water crisis issue for increasing
population of India in an ethical manner. (Your answer must have logical points
that make sense. Do online research to find solution to the water problem)
Answer: We as a whole realize that we can't live without water. We
need a normal inventory of water to endure and remain solid. Water helps in
loss of abundance warmth and aides in accumulation of the waste materials from
every one of the cells and tissues of the body. Fundamentally, we can say that
water is basic for our day by day lives by and by just as expertly.
There are numerous organizations need water for their
assembling forms. You should utilize the water assets conveniently and efficiently
and avoid wastage of water. As a business owner it is your responsibility to
utilize your available resources well and make the business profitable. As the
water is critical resource so you should use it wisely.
You can start reducing the usage of water as wastage may
lead to critical situation. An effective water management strategy can help
reduce waste and discharge, and moreover help to meet regulatory requirements.
Even taking a closer look at wastewater and identifying other uses within the
facility can result in great savings. A
water conservation program can cut water
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2. Protecting data privacy is urgent
and complex. This protection is necessary because of the all-pervasive,
technology-driven and information-intensive environment, typical of today’s
corporations. Multiple risks involved in data management is propelling
information/data protection to the top of the corporate management agenda. What
according to you are the two ethical risks faced by the business in relation to
data protection and can you choose and explain any two Data Protection
Principles applicable to businesses in India?
Answer: Company has good amount of
important data but there is no security in the company to keep that data secure
and confidential. There should be proper information system in the company and
that should be fully secured. Employees should have limited access to the data
as per their designation and responsibilities instead of providing all the data
to all the employees freely.
Information too is a resource for an organisation. Like
money or labour, information is used in many tasks and activities to
3. In Chandrapur, renamed the coal
city, Western Coalfield Ltd’s (WCL), a public sector coal mining company’s,
overburden dumps are located very close to the river beds. The Mana and Lalpeth
mines, especially, have dumped so much over-burden in the Irai river that the
river-bed has risen by several meters. Coal mining so close to rivers may also
cause damage to the mines themselves. During heavy rains river water enters the
mines even now, making coal extraction very difficult. The move to allow coal
mining activities up to 250 meter from river banks has angered environment
groups, especially in Vidarbha, an area currently reeling under floods, and
where major rivers like Wardha and Irai are already heavily polluted because of
coal mining. If the mines are moved closer, such incidents will rise, posing
danger to mine workers. WCL will also incur losses. Mining has also adversely
impacted river fauna. The forest land is turning into a desert and the wild
life, specially tigers are disappearing. Somehow we have failed to
intelligently sustain and manage the resources of nature, the primary source of
all supply chain.
a. Do you think environmental
sustainability is an ethical principle? Elaborate on any two issues/principles
involved in environmental ethics.
b. How can business embed
environment protection/sustainability within overall business strategy? Elaborate
on any two critical ideas/processes/steps.
Answer: a) Sustainability is very much important for business.
Businesses responding to demands for clearly visible sustainability practices
are also more attractive to the new class of ethical investors, and regain the
costs of managing sustainability through government grants and increased sales
to green activists and other members of the community. Ethical business
practices may also improve competitiveness between businesses, encouraging
growth and bigger profits.
Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and
taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with
particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support
human life. It is an important topic in the present time, as people are
realising the full impact that businesses and individuals can have on the
environment. Environmental sustainability is about making responsible decisions
that will reduce your business’ negative impact on the environment. It is not
simply about reducing the amount of waste you produce or using less energy, but
is concerned with developing processes that will lead to businesses
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Course: Financial Institution and
markets
Internal Assignment Applicable for December
2019 Examination
1. You are appointed as a Senior
financial research analyst in a reputed firm. Your manager asks you to advise
him on the different ways to test market efficiency. Discuss the ways for
testing market efficiency which will help the firm’s investment to earn excess
returns.
Answer: Market efficiency:
The expectations of the investors regarding the future cashflows are translated
or reflected on the share prices. The accuracy and the quickness in which the
market translates the expectation into prices are termed as market efficiency.
With increased movement of investments across international boundaries owing to
the integration of world economies, the understanding of efficiency of the
emerging markets is also gaining greater importance. There are two types of
market efficiencies:
• Operational
efficiency: At the stock exchange, operational efficiency is measured by
factors like time taken to execute the order and the number of bad deliveries.
Investors are concerned with the operational efficiency of the market. But
efficient market hypothesis does not deal with this
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2. Mr. Prakash wants to start up his
venture. He has no idea about the investment stages which forms the building
block for the start-up business and therefore, seeks help from his financial
advisor Mr. Sharma. Discuss the three stages of venture capital financing to
Mr. Prakash.
Answer: An investment firm is a financial institution that
provides money for the developing companies. The developing companies utilise
this money for, advertising, building infrastructure, producing quality output
and so on. These investment firms are known as venture capital firm and the
finance they provide is called venture capital. Venture capital financing is a
way of supporting industrial talent with capital capitals and business skills,
to develop market opportunities and also to gain long period profits. It is the
provision of risk bearing capacity usually in the form of participation in
equity, to companies with high growth potential. When venture
3. Ms. Sunita, after completing her
graduation, has recently joined a bank. With a steady income now and good
growth prospects for her career, she intends to save regularly and increase the
amount of savings gradually over the years. Her colleagues in the bank have
advised her investing in Mutual Funds (MFs), as a suitable option for her.
However, Ms. Sunita is not at all familiar with MFs and has some queries such
as:
a. What are mutual funds and why
should she be investing through mutual fund?
b. What are the various types of
mutual funds? Prepare a detailed answer
for her queries.
Answer: a) Mutual funds are a collection of stocks and bonds. It
can be defined as the money that is pooled together by a large number of
investors who give their money to a fund manager to invest in large portfolio
of stocks or bonds for a small fee. Mutual funds are advantageous because of
its cost-efficiency, risk-diversification and professional management nature.
Since mutual funds involve investment in different assets, a loss experienced
in one asset investment can be recovered from the gains obtained from the other
asset investment.
Characteristics of Mutual funds
Expert guidance: A mutual fund gives you the
services of such an expert. In a mutual fund scheme, a fund manager takes care
of your money along with the other investments. The fund manager would be
expert in managing the money.
Types of funds: There are two basic types of
mutual fund, Open Ended and Close Ended. In an Open Ended fund, you can invest
money anytime. You are also free to redeem money anytime. It is like a
Course: INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Internal Assignment Applicable for
December 2019 Examination
1. You work in an investment bank
IBANK. You will be meeting the CEO of GlobeTech next week, who wants to
understand how different international financial markets operate, as they might
look to raise short-term loans or debt or equity in the future. You know the
CEO has very little knowledge about this, so you have to explain to him
starting with the basics. As you don’t want to confuse him with many options,
you decide to write in simple words the nature and purpose of four out of the
five types of International Financial Markets. Limit the description to maximum
one page per market type. These should be generic write-ups, nothing specific
to GlobeTech.
Answer: Types of International
Financial Markets
Foreign Exchange Market
The foreign exchange market is like any other
over-the-counter market. This means that the foreign exchange market is unlike
an electronic or a physical market like a stock exchange wherein traders would
assemble and trade their currencies. This market is an across-the-world network
of inter-bank traders, consisting of different players such as banks, connected
by different communication tools and techniques such as telephony services, fax
machines, the internet, video conferencing, and computers. The market functions
virtually 24 hours in respect of the time differences across the world.
Inter-bank currency trading is handled largely by five major centres of the
currency trade, who handle two-thirds of the foreign currency transactions.
They are London, New York, Tokyo, Zurich, and Frankfurt. Transactions in Hong
Kong, Singapore, Paris and Sydney account for the bulk of the transactions
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2. One day before the meeting, the
CEO of GlobeTech calls up and says now he is interested to read a write-up
about Foreign Exchange Risk, as GlobeTech deals with Foreign Exchange and he
should be knowing about the different type of risks. You have little time to
prepare for this, so you decide to write on only three out of the five risk
categories, from a general perspective, that you have learnt in the
International Finance course at NGASCE. After that, to keep the client happy,
you decide to do something extra. GlobeTech has to have some hedging strategies
to manage its Foreign Exchange risks. So you also write from a general
perspective about three corporate hedging strategies. These should be generic
write-ups, nothing specific to GlobeTech.
Answer: Foreign exchange risk is one of the most volatile factors
of the international financial environment. Foreign currency fluctuations
happen across the world because the demand for and supply of different
currencies are different in different countries at the same point of time. Some
currencies like pound (£), dollar ($), euro (€) and Japanese yen (¥) are more
in demand vis-à-vis other currencies and the supply of these four currencies is
also low in relation to their demand.
Types of foreign exchange risk
Position risk:
The forex dealers of banks keep buying and selling foreign exchange on
behalf of their corporate
3. A US company has exported goods
worth Eur 100 million, receivable after 3 months, to a Germany based company.
The forward rates are expressed as:
EUR-USD Spot 1.0973 – 1.0974
Three months Forward 75.5 – 76.0
a. Is the EUR quoting at discount or
premium to the USD? What is the forward rate applicable at which the US company
will enter into a forward contract?
b. Suppose USD is depreciating.
Should the US exporter go for hedging the risk? If he hedges the risk with a
forward contract and the actual spot rate after 3 months turns out to be the
same as the currency spot rate, what is his notional profit/ loss?
Answer: a) A forward contract is a non-standardized contract that
takes place between two parties for the purpose of selling or buying an asset
at a specified future time at a price that has already been agreed. The party
who buys the underlying position assumes a long position and the party who sells
the asset assumes a short position. Delivery price is the price that has been
agreed upon. It is one of the most common means of hedging transactions in
foreign currencies. It offers the ability to the users to lock in a sale price
or a purchase without the involvement of any direct cost. It is also used by
speculators who use forward contracts so as to place bets on the price
movements of the underlying asset. Banks and many multinational corporations
also use it
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Course: Project Management
Internal Assignment Applicable for
December 2019 Examination
1. Using an example, describe the
adaptive project life cycle model.
Answer: A project consists of a set of activities performed either
sequentially by adhering to planned objectives. Project objectives will be
unique and non-repetitive in nature. Thus, a project gets distinguished from
routine and continuous production processes by virtue of its characteristics of
uniqueness. In fact, organisations often pursue various ventures, having
programmes and projects as their sub-sets. Perhaps the success of any project
depends critically upon the effort, care and skill applied in its initial
planning. The project life cycle (PLC) describes the start and the end of the
project and the various stages in it. It begins with concept of idea,
incubation, feasibility studies and further on towards initiation, planning,
execution and closeout. Irrespective of the type and complexity of project
being undertaken, its life cycle stages remain same only content and duration of
the stage being different.
Project life cycle stages
1. Initiation: It
is the first stage of the project where the concept and objectives of the
project are identified. At this stage, the organisation identifies the
requirement of a particular project and its nature.
2. Describe the different types of
Project Management Offices (PMOs). In your opinion which one is the most common
PMO structure? Why?
Answer: Every organisation undertakes various projects in the
course of its business. However, mere adoption of a project by an organisation
does not ensure the success of the project. Just as merely appearing in an exam
does not guarantee that a student will pass it; similarly, just implementing a
project does not ensure achievement of the desired outcome. On many occasions,
the project undertaken by an organisation fails to achieve the desired goal.
This results in the loss of valuable resources of the concerned organisation.
Therefore, in order to ensure proper utilisation of the organisation’s resources,
it is of paramount importance to curb the project failure rate of an
organisation.
Project Management Office (PMO) refers to an organisational
body, usually a department or branch of an
3. Terra Drone Indonesia, a group
company of Terra Drone Corporation, one of the world’s largest providers of
industrial drone solutions, has successfully completed two pilot projects that
demonstrate how construction companies can benefit from drone surveying and
mapping services. Using drones equipped with Light Detection and Ranging
(LiDAR) technology, Terra Drone Indonesia has carried out survey-grade
topographic mapping for two different dam construction projects in the country.
Project 1: Bogor, West Java,
Indonesia In Bogor, the LiDAR drone technology was demonstrated to Wijaya Karya
(Persero) Tbk, a construction engineering company working on a dam project in
Megamendung. Covering an area of almost 20 hectares in a single day, Terra
Drone Indonesia captured high-resolution data and images to generate an accurate
topographic map and 3D model of the construction site. The data and images can
now support decision-making in project controlling activities such as planning
or measuring the work progress.
Project 2: Purworejo District,
Central Java, Indonesia In Purworejo, the survey activity was conducted for PT
PP (Persero) Tbk, one of the main players in the national construction business
in Indonesia. Over a period of four days, Terra Drone Indonesia carried out
aerial LiDAR topographic mapping for a dam construction project in an area with
dense vegetation to capture data and images for facilitating impeccable
construction progress.
a. Create a work break down
structure (WBS) for project 1. (You can assume different activities for this
project).
b. Assume different roles/activities
for project 2 and develop a RACI model.
Answer: a) Work breakdown structure (WBS) is a fundamental
component of project management process that helps in defining and organising
the total scope of a project using hierarchical tree structure. According to
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK), „WBS is a deliverable-oriented
hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team to
accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables‟. The hierarchy
structure approach of WBS helps the project team to know the requirements of
total project more accurately and specifically. WBS can also be used to assign
responsibilities and allocate resources to the project. It helps the team to
monitor and control the project. WBS is the critical input to various
Course: Strategic Cost Management
Internal Assignment Applicable for
December 2019 Examination
1.
Swadeshi Industries has four potential projects all with an initial cost of
₹20,00,000. The capital budget for the year will only allow Swadeshi industries
to accept one of the four projects. Given the discount rates and the future
cash flows of each project, which project should they accept?
|
Cash flows
|
Project M
|
Project N
|
Project O
|
Project P
|
|
Year one
|
₹500,000
|
₹600,000
|
₹10,00,000
|
₹3,00,000
|
|
Year two
|
₹500,000
|
₹600,000
|
₹8,00,000
|
₹5,00,000
|
|
Year three
|
₹500,000
|
₹600,000
|
₹6,00,000
|
₹7,00,000
|
|
Year four
|
₹500,000
|
₹600,000
|
₹4,00,000
|
₹9,00,000
|
|
year five
|
₹500,000
|
₹600,000
|
₹2,00,000
|
₹11,00,000
|
|
Discount rate
|
6%
|
9%
|
15%
|
22%
|
Answer: Calculation of NPV
|
Cash flows
|
Project M
|
PV Factor @ 6%
|
PV OF CASH FLOW
|
|
Year one
|
500000
|
0.9434
|
471700
|
|
Year two
|
500000
|
0.89
|
445000
|
|
Year three
|
500000
|
0.86
|
419800
|
|
Year four
|
500000
|
0.79
|
396050
|
|
year five
|
500000
|
0.73
|
373650
|
|
|
2500000
|
|
210200
|
|
Initial Investment
|
2000000
|
1
|
200000
|
2. An auto component manufacturing
company is contemplating introducing a new inspection process in their assembly
line to save on rectifying cost. The current production is in batches; each
batch produce 5000 components. The cost of inspection of each component is Rs
50, the cost of rectifying each defective component is Rs 250. If a defective
component is sent to the customer and returned, it will cost the company
Rs.500. Calculate at what percentage of defective rate it would be beneficial
for the company to adopt the proposal.
Answer: Let the total defectives be ‘d’
If each component is tested before being sent to the agents
for sales
No. of components in a batch = Rs 5000
Cost of testing each component = Rs 50
Cost of rectification before despatch = Rs 250
Total Cost
3. You work for a strategic
consulting firm specializing in Cost Optimization; ABC Company is looking for
some advice regarding Break Even Sales, Margin of Safety, and impact of selling
price on the two metrics. The company has provided you the following
information:
Sales Units 10,000
Selling Price ₹ 15
Total Cost ₹ 75,000
Fixed Cost ₹ 20,000
Net Profit ₹ 25,000
Using the above information, you are
required to:
a. Calculate Break Even Sales (in ₹)
and Margin of Safety (in ₹)
b. Calculate the new Break Even
Sales and Margin of Safety if the selling price is increased by 20%.
Answer: a) Note: we can
either consider total cost or net profit to solve the question because both of
them are not tallying with each other. Therefore, we have considered net
profit.
P/V Ratio
P/V Ratio = Contribution/Sales
Particulars Amount %
Sales 150,000 100
Less: variable cost
105,000 70
Contribution
45,000 30
Less: Fixed Cost
20,000
Profit 25,000
Therefore, P/V Ratio = 45000/150000
= 0.30
Break Even Sales
Break
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